Persons responsible, A360 Revised Penal Code

1. Persons responsible Article 360. Persons responsible. – Any person who shall publish, exhibit, or cause the publication or exhibition of any defamation in writing or by similar means, shall be responsible for the same.The author or editor of a book or pamphlet, or the editor or business manager of a daily newspaper, magazine or serial publication, shall be responsible for the defamations contained therein to the same extent as if he were the author thereof. (Revised Penal Code) The following may be criminally liable for defamation: 1) Those who publish; 2) Those who exhibit; 3) Those who cause the publication or exhibition of any defamation in writing or by similar means; 4) The author or editor of a book or pamphlet; 5) The editor or business manager of a daily newspaper, magazine or serial publication (as if they were the author). (REVISED PENAL CODE, Paragraphs 1 and 2, Article 360) 2. Criminal and civil action Article 360. Persons responsible. x x x The criminal and civil action for damages in cases of written defamations as provided for in this chapter, shall be filed simultaneously or separately with the court of first instance of the province or city where the libelous article is printed and first published or where any of the offended parties actually resides at the time of the commission of the offense: Provided, however, That where one of the offended parties is a public officer whose office is in the City of Manila at the time of the commission of the offense, t...