Threatening to publish libel and offering to prevent publication for compensation is also known as blackmail.
1. Concept
Threatening to publish libel and offering to prevent publication for compensation is also known as blackmail.
a. Legal basis
Art. 356. Threatening to publish and offer to prevent such publication for a compensation. – The penalty of arresto mayor or a fine from Forty thousand pesos (P40,000) to Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000), or both, shall be imposed upon any person who threatens another to publish a libel concerning him or the parents, spouse, child, or other member of the family of the latter, or upon anyone who shall offer to prevent the publication of such libel for a compensation or money consideration. (As amended by R.A. 10951)
(NB: If the article has been amended by legislation or has been the subject of Supreme Court decision which may have impacted how it is interpreted, do let us know so we can consider for the next update of this article. You may send it via: Feedback.)
2. Mode of commission
The following is the mode of committing the offense:
• Threating to publish libel and offering to prevent publication for a compensation
a. Mode 1: Threatening to publish and offering to prevent publication for compensation
Elements of the offense:
1) The offender threatens another to publish a libel;
2) The libel concerns the other persons or their parents, spouse, child, or other member of the family of the latter; and
3) The offender offers to prevent the publication of such libel for a compensation or money consideration. (REVISED PENAL CODE, Article 356)
1) Element 1: Offender threatens another to publish a libel
The threat to publish libel coupled with an offer to prevent publication for compensation or money consideration are the gravamen of the offense. This offense is also known as “blackmail” and which is drawn from the old libel law, Act No. 277.
In the early case below, the Supreme Court had the occasion to outline the old libel law and discuss key concepts.
The United States v. Eguia, En Banc, G.R. No. L-13540, October 24, 1917, Per Malcolm J.:
• [M.S.] Tuason, the offended party, is a married woman living in the city of Manila. For nineteen years she and her husband have been separated, her husband during these years living outside of the Philippine Islands. in the year of 1915, [S.A.] Eguia and his wife resided for several months in the house of Mrs. Tuason. As Mrs. Tuason was sick at this time and as she had complete confidence in Eguia, she gave the key to her post office box into his keeping. [D]uring this period, Mrs. Tuason wrote a number of letters, rather amorous in nature, to a Dr. Harmer in France, and gave them, to Eguia to mail.
• About the first of July, 1917, Mrs. Tuason received an anonymous letter which read;
A number of your love letters addressed to Harmer are to be published in The Independent in the form of a story. I am a sincere friend of yours and I inform you of this in order that you may take proper steps to avoid your name being exposed to public contempt. I happened to discover this in a visit I made this morning in the office of said newspaper.
• Later on, [M.] Paves, a friend of Mrs. Tuason, came and told her that she had been approached by certain persons who had some letters of Mrs. Tuason’s which they would sell to her for P10,000 and that if she did not buy these letters they would be published in “The Independent.” After some negotiations between the parties, the price of the letters was reduced to P4,000. Mrs. Tuason made arrangements to meet one of the go-between, who it later turned out was Sebastian Lozano, in front of “El Centro Escolar” and go with him to the Luneta and there receive the letters in return for the P4,000. She reported the matter to the police and on the day named went to the rendezvous. Detectives followed her and remained near by. A calesa was seen driving up and down Calle Azcarraga in front of “El Centro Escolar.” After this calesa had passed up and down three times, Mrs. Tuason went up to the vehicle. The cochero then told her that she was not to proceed to the Luneta as had been agreed upon but was to go to some house. This she refused to do and so the plan [fell] through. Maria Paves told Mrs. Tuason that the owners of the letters had learned that she had reported the matter to the police and that they had decided not to have any further dealings with her.
• Mrs. Tuason later went to a friend of hers and told him that she needed assistance. He recommended one Villaba, who was working for him and who was acquainted with Eguia. Villaba at first did not care to have anything to do with the matter but was finally persuaded to lend his aid. He was given a free hand and told to do whatever he thought best. He called up the police authorities and told them of his plan and secured permission to go ahead. Villaba then went to see Eguia and told him a story to the effect that Mrs. Tuason had offered him a thousand pesos if he would get the letters. Eguia pretended to know nothing about the letters and Villaba said he would go and see Lozano. Eguia objected strongly to this and said he would introduce Villaba to Lozano. Eguia finally did introduce Villaba to Lozano and the Villaba repeated his story to Lozano and added that he would try to get P4,000 from Mrs. Tuason, and that then Lozano could threaten him with some weapon and he would deliver the money to him in exchange for the letters. Lozano was to hold back one of the letters, however, to give to Villaba in order that Villaba could get something for it. Lozano and Eguia agreed to this scheme and were to deliver the letters on the Luneta at 8.30 p.m. Villaba reported this to the police and they went to the “Manila Hotel” to lay their plans. Villaba was to meet Lozano at the Rizal Monument on the Luneta, so the police agreed that they would station men at the hotel and around the Luneta, all of whom were to have binoculars, and that Villaba was to lift his ht as a signal to them that the letters were in the possession of Lozano.
• The first night Villaba went to the Luneta with Mrs. Tuason to keep the appointment but after waiting a long time no one turned up. Villaba then left Mrs. Tuason and went to the house of Eguia to see why Lozano had not come. Eguia said he did not know why Lozano had not done so, but to wait until 10 o’clock, which Villaba did. As no one had then arrived, he went again to the house of Eguia and this time Eguia told him to meet Lozano at the Luneta the next night at 6 o’clock.
• The following afternoon Villaba and Mrs. Tuason again went to the Luneta and after waiting for a little while they saw Lozano coming along. Villaba got out of the calesa and went up and spoke to him. Lozano came up to the calles where Mrs. Tuason was and showed her a letter which she identified as hers. She then gave the P4,000 to Villaba and Lozano said he would go and get the letters. He left and went in the direction of Calle San Luis and returned in a few minutes and told Villaba and Mrs. Tuason to go to a more secluded spot as they would attract too much attention where they were. The money was handed over to Lozano. Villaba had already given the signal to the police and when they all started to go to another place the police came and arrested Lozano. The money (which previously had been marked) was taken away from Lozano. Lozano was removed to the Luneta Police Station and there searched and the letters, a toy pistol, and a negative of one of Mrs. Tuason’s letters were found in his possession.
• Lozano made a statement to the police in which he tried to lay the blame on Eguia and to excuse himself. Eguia when arrested also made a statement in which he tried to shift responsibility to Lozano.
• Action in this case was begun by an information filed… against accused [S.A.] Eguia and [S.] Lozano, in which it was alleged:
That… [S.A.] Eguia and [S.] Lozano, conspiring and confederating with each other, willfully, unlawfully, and criminally threatened one [M.S.] Tuason to publish in The Independent, a weekly newspaper edited and published in the said city of Manila, a libel consisting of certain letters which, according to the said defendants, would expose the name of said [M.S.] Tuason to public contempt, the said defendants promising at the same time, moved by a desire to gain, to prevent the publication of said letters in the above-mentioned newspaper, should the aforementioned [M.S.] Tuason agree to pay them the sum of P4,000, Philippine currency.
• Both defendants filed demurrers to the information. They contended that: (1) The facts alleged did not constitute a crime; (2) the information did not contain a copy of the alleged libelous letters; and (3) the information was bad for duplicity since it charged two crimes, namely, a threat to publish a libel and an offer to prevent the publication of a libel for a sum of money. The trail court overruled the demurrers. The defendants demanded separate trials, which was granted. The court rendered a single decision, convicting the defendants…
• [Decision] Section 10 of the Libel Law (Act No. 277) is as follows:
Every person who threatens another to publish a libel concerning him, or any parent, husband, wife, or child of such person, or any member of his family, and every person who offers to prevent the publication of any libel upon another person, with intent to extort any money or other valuable consideration from any person, shall be punished by a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars or by imprisonment for not exceeding six months, or both.
• The section above quoted contemplates two offenses, one which we may denominate “a threat to publish a libel,” and the other, “an offer to prevent the publication of a libel.” A reading of the section further discloses that we have in Philippine criminal law a provision, which finds no counterpart, as far as a rather extensive investigation discloses, in the laws of any other country. The crime, which we here call “a threat to publish a [libel], is punished” in the United States and Great Britain by the law penalizing blackmailing and extortion.
• In common parlance, blackmail and extortion are [synonymous], although the latter term may have the wider signification. Blackmail, in its metaphorical sense, may be defined as any unlawful extortion of money by an appeal to the fears of the victim, especially extortion of money by threats of accusation or exposure. Two words are expressive of the crime — hush money. The gravamen of the offense is the intent to extort money or other thing of value. The extortion is committed by obtaining property from another without his consent, induced by wrongful use of fear. The end is the same as in crimes against property, but the means employed are different…
• Defendants rely on the definition of libel contained in the first section of the Libel Law. This section, it will be remembered, defines a libel as “a malicious defamation, expressed either in writing, printing, or by sings or pictures, or the like, or public theatrical exhibitions, tending to blacken the memory of one who is dead or to impeach the honesty, virtue, or reputation, or publish the alleged or natural defects of one who is alive, and thereby expose him to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule.” Defendants insist that as these letters were written by the offended party, they could not constitute a libel, as a person cannot libel himself or herself.
• This argument is fallacious. The prime requisite of the crime of libel is not necessarily the composing of the article, but the publishing of it. Thus, the sending of love letters by one person to another is not a libel, but when some third person obtains possession of these letters and publishes them in the public press, it must be self-evident that such letters, innocent as they are in themselves, would appear highly ridiculous to any one except the interested parties. To revert to the definition of libel, relied upon by the defendants, the publication of these compromising letters would tend to impeach the virtue and reputation of the lady who wrote them and would thereby expose her to public contempt and ridicule.
• The general rule is that the complaint or information for libel must set out the particular defamatory words as published, and a statement of their substance and effect is usually considered insufficient. For instance, it is necessary to set out the threatening letter according to its tenor. But this is not precisely a prosecution for libel. The crime of “threatening to publish a libel,” while covered by a section of the Libel Law, is of an entirely different character from the usual conception of the crime of libel. From the very nature of the crime charged, it is clearly seen that to require an information to set forth the alleged threatened libel would usually amount to asking the performance of the impossible. The menacing libel has not as yet been published; it may be in the possession of the person threatening to publish it, or it may only exist in the imagination of a perverted mind. In either case, it would be impossible to set out the matter threatened to be published. In the present instance, the fact that the letters which the defendants threatened to be published were seized before the institution of these proceedings does not change the rule in regard to the pleadings.
• A common law crime which is somewhat akin to the offense now before us is that called “threats,” and here it has been held that the indictment need not set out the exact words of the threat, it being sufficient that the substance be stated with certainty. Again, as to the offense of “obscenity,” it has been held that an indictment for using obscene language need not set forth the language used. Indeed, for the information to reproduce a letter in haec verba would be equivalent to publishing it — would be to permit of the very thing which the law is trying to avoid, the exposure to the public gaze of matter essentially private in nature. The purposes of the law should be effectuated, not frustrated.
• We agree with counsel for appellant that “the procedure in the present case was admirably adapted to protect the feelings of the offended party, and this motive seems to have been the guiding principle of the entire case.” The record should be kept pure, if possible.
• The circumstances of this case are such that they lead to the irresistible conclusion that Eguia was the prime mover in this nefarious scheme. The only reasonable deduction is that he took the letters from the post office boss of Mrs. Tuason. He was the only person who had possession of the key to the box. He knew that Mrs. Tuason was writing to Dr. Harmer. Not all the letter found in the possession of Lozano were from Mrs. Tuason but all had been addressed to Dr. Harmer. The post office box used by Mrs. Tuason was in the name of Dr. Harmer and so if any mail was returned to Manila with his name on it, it would be put in this box. The night on which the letters were delivered, Lozano went in the direction of Eguia’s house to get the letters. Eguia composed the note that fixed the price for the letters at P8,000. He entered into and agreed to the plot made by Villaba. He introduced Villaba to Lozano. Though Eguia never appeared in the open he was always lurking in the background.1awphil.net
• Defendants attack the evidence from two directions. They contend, in the first place, that the court erred in taking into consideration against each appellant evidence presented at the trial of the other defendant. While the court rendered but one judgment, it is nevertheless true that practically the same facts were adduced in the two trials. Each defendant moreover, endeavors to shield himself behind the acts of his codefendant. Of course, such a contention cannot be permitted to avail for a moment, where the proof shows that both defendants are inculpated.
a) Threat carried out becomes libel
There should just be a threat to publish libel. Otherwise, if the threat is carried out, then the offense would already have escalated to libel.
2) Element 2: Libel concerns the other persons or their parents, spouse, child, or other member of the family of the latter; and
The libel may concern the private complainants of their parents, spouse, child or other member of the family of the latter. Thus, the blackmail is not limited to information that may harm the honor or reputation of the private complainants but also that of the other persons mentioned. Otherwise stated, it is possible to blackmail a person by threatening to publish a libel concerning the person’s parents, spouse, child, etc.
3) Element 3: Offering to prevent publication for compensation or money consideration
Blackmail is completed when, after making the threat to publish a libel, the offender offers to prevent publication for compensation or money consideration.
a) Compensation not limited to money
The compensation referred to in this provision should be understood in its general meaning of something being exchanged. Hence, the compensation may be money consideration or some other form of exchange, such as properties (e.g., house, car, watch, etc.), interests in an investment, or even a promotion at the workplace.
References
• Title XIII – Crimes Against Honor, Act No. 3815, Revised Penal Code
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/Updated: May 20, 2023
